## Speech Sound Disorders in Children
### Articulation & Phonological Disorders

**Authors:**  
John E. Bernthal, Ph.D.  
University of Nebraska–Lincoln  
Nicholas W. Bankson, Ph.D.  
James Madison University  
Peter Flipsen Jr., Ph.D.  
Pacific University, Oregon

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### Contents
- About the Faculty Materials ..... viii  
- About the Authors ..... ix  
- About the Contributors ..... x  
- Preface ..... xii  
- 1 Introduction to the Study of Speech Sound Disorders..... 1  
- 2 Normal Aspects of Articulation..... 9  
- 3 How Speech Sound Acquisition Data Are Obtained ..... 70  
- 4 Factors Related to Speech Sound Disorders ..... 109  
- 5 Using Evidence-Based Practice in Treatment ..... 265  
- 6 The Basics of Remediation ..... 277  
- 7 Treating Specific Populations: Childhood Apraxia and Older Children.....373  
- 8 Phonological Awareness: Description, Assessment, and Intervention .....401  
- 9 Accent Modification ..... 459  
- Appendix A: Procedures for Teaching Sounds .....483  
- Appendix B: Activities for Facilitating Phonemic Awareness in School-Age Children.....489  
- References.....491  
- Index.....555

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### 1 Introduction to the Study of Speech Sound Disorders
**Authors:** John E. Bernthal, Nicholas W. Bankson, and Peter Flipsen Jr.

**Learning Objectives:**  
- Describe how the practice of working with individuals with speech sound disorders has evolved over time.  
- Understand the basic distinction between articulation and phonological disorders, and some of the limitations of that distinction.  
- Understand how common speech sound disorders are and how they arise.  
- List the three main elements of evidence-based practice.

Welcome to the world of clinical intervention for individuals with speech sound disorders! You are about to learn about one of the most frequently occurring communication disorders that speech-language pathologists (SLPs) encounter.

### An Evolving Area of Practice
This book focuses on how you, as a clinician, will assess and treat disorders related to speech sound production. The need to study speech sound disorders has increased greatly over time, coinciding with the growing acknowledgment of the importance of communication in modern society, including its relation to literacy development.

### The Cause of the Problem
Recognizing the cause of speech sound disorders can be complex. For many children, the origins might be unknown, and some problems may relate to their language development or other language aspects.

### The Importance of the Problem
The understanding of speech sound disorders has shifted to emphasize their widespread implications, particularly concerning literacy skills and effective communication. SLPs have begun focusing not only on sound production but also on the impact on overall language acquisition and educational success.

### Contents (continued)
- 2 Normal Aspects of Articulation  
- 3 How Speech Sound Acquisition Data Are Obtained  
- 4 Factors Related to Speech Sound Disorders  
- 5 Using Evidence-Based Practice in Treatment  
- 6 The Basics of Remediation  
- 7 Treating Specific Populations  
- 8 Phonological Awareness  
- 9 Accent Modification

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### About the Authors
- **John Bernthal, Ph.D.**: An Emeritus Professor at the University of Nebraska–Lincoln with a long career in speech sound disorders and education.
- **Nicholas Bankson, Ph.D.**: An Emeritus Professor at James Madison University with extensive experience in child language disorders.
- **Peter Flipsen Jr., Ph.D.**: A Professor at Pacific University, Oregon, specializing in phonetics and speech sound disorders.

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### Summary
This edition of the book elucidates various academic contributions and provides comprehensive details regarding assessment, treatment, and effective practices in handling speech sound disorders, particularly in children. It highlights the necessity of understanding cultural diversity and linguistic differences while approaching speech sound disorders, and emphasizes the importance of evidence-based practices in clinical settings.