# Dyslexia ## Dyslexia Julie A. Washington Donald L. Compton Peggy McCardle --- Dyslexia Revisiting Etiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Policy # Dyslexia Revisiting Etiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Policy edited by edited by Julie A. Washington, Ph.D. Georgia State University Atlanta, Georgia Donald L. Compton, Ph.D. Florida State University and and Peggy McCardle, Ph.D., M.P.H. Peggy McCardle Consulting, LLC, Tarpon Springs, Florida Baltimore • London • Sydney Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, Connecticut --- ## PAUL H BROOKES PUBLISHING CO. # PAUL H BROOKES PUBLISHING CO. Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. Post Office Box 10624 Baltimore, Maryland 21285-0624 USA www.brookespublishing.com Copyright © 2020 by Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., Inc. Copyright © 2020 by Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., Inc. All rights reserved. “Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co.” is a registered trademark of “Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co.” is a registered trademark of Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., Inc. Typeset by Absolute Service Inc., Towson, Maryland. Typeset by Absolute Service Inc., Towson, Maryland. Manufactured in the United States of America by Sheridan Books, Inc., Chelsea, Michigan. The following was written by a U.S. government employee within the scope of his or her official duties and, as such, shall remain in the public domain: Chapter 2. The opinions and assertions contained herein are the private opinions of the authors and opinions and assertions contained herein are the private opinions of the authors and are not to be construed as official or reflecting the views of the U.S. government. The Empower Reading Programs described in Chapter 17 are published and The Empower Reading Programs described in Chapter 17 are published and trademarked by The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada. The views expressed in this book are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the National Institutes of Health, the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, the U.S. Department of Education, the Economic and Social Research Council of the United Kingdom, or the ## Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Washington, Julie A., editor. | Compton, Donald L., 1960- editor. | McCardle, Peggy, editor. Title: Dyslexia : revisiting etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and policy / 616.85/53--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019015374 British Library Cataloguing in Publication data are available from the British Library. 2023 2022 2021 2020 2019 9781681253626 (epub) | ISBN 9781681253633 (pdf) | ISBN 9781681253619 (hardcover) Subjects: LCSH: Dyslexia. Classification: LCC RC394.W6 (ebook) | LCC RC394.W6 D975 2020 (print) | DDC 616.85/53--dc23 Identifiers: LCCN 2019015374 (print) | LCCN 2019980487 (ebook) | ISBN 9781681253626 (epub) | ISBN 9781681253633 (pdf) | ISBN 9781681253619 Description: Baltimore : Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., [2020] | Series: Extraordinary brain series ; [volume 17] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2019015374 (print) | LCCN 2019980487 (ebook) | ISBN 9781681253626 (epub) | ISBN 9781681253633 (pdf) | ISBN 9781681253619 McCardle, Peggy, editor. Title: Dyslexia : revisiting etiology, diagnosis, treatment, and policy / edited by Julie Washington, Donald L. Compton, and Peggy McCardle. Description: Baltimore : Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., [2020] | Series: --- ## Contents About the Editors ............................................ ix About the Contributors ....................................... xi The Dyslexia Foundation and the Extraordinary Brain Series Symposia........................................... xxvii Preface....................................................xxxi Acknowledgments ........................................xxxiii I Setting the Stage 1 An Overview and Introduction to the Volume Julie A. Washington, Donald L. Compton, and Peggy McCardle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 Investing in Our Future: Examining Programmatic Investments in Dyslexia Research Brett Miller and Ruben P. Alvarez..............................6 II Basic Etiology and Learning Mechanisms 3 Imaging Genetics Approaches to the Study of Dyslexia: Promises and Challenges Nicole Landi ..............................................20 4 Diagnosing Dyslexia: How Deep Should We Dig? Peter F. de Jong............................................31 5 Early Identification of Children at Risk for Reading Difficulty: Neurobiology, Screening and Evidence-Based Response, and Educational Technology Nadine Gaab, Ted K. Turesky, and Joseph Sanfilippo...............44 6 Using Computational Techniques to Model and Better Understand Developmental Dyslexia Jay G. Rueckl, Jason Zevin, and Henry Wolf VII..................57 --- ## FOR MORE: bit.ly/BrookesDyslexia ## FOR MORE: FOR MORE: bit.ly/BrookesDyslexia vi Contents 7 Orthographic Learning and Learning to Read: Implications for Developmental Dyslexia Kate Nation and Matthew H. C. Mak ..........................71 Integrative Commentary 1 Bringing Together Multiple Methods and Measurements to Improve Our Understanding of Dyslexia Elizabeth S. Norton.........................................82 III Linguistic Differences and Reading 8 The Impact of Linguistic Distance on Dyslexia in Dialect Speakers: The Case of Arabic Diglossia Elinor Saeigh-Haddad.......................................90 9 Intersection of Race, Poverty, and Diagnostic Accuracy: Identifying Reading Disabilities in African American Children Julie A. Washington and Ryan Lee-James ......................102 10 Personalizing Literacy Instruction for Diverse Learners and Children With Severe Literacy Difficulties Carol McDonald Connor, Young-Suk Grace Kim, and Dandan Yang ............................................113 Integrative Commentary 2 Language Matters to Reading Success and Linguistic Differences Deserve More Attention Barbara R. Foorman .......................................126 IV Identification and Treatment 11 Cognitive Approaches to the Identification of Children With Dyslexia Anne Castles and Saskia Kohnen.............................136 12 Reading Comprehension Interventions for Individuals With Dyslexia in Grades 4–8 Kelly J. Williams, Philip Capin, Elizabeth A. Stevens, and Sharon Vaughn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 13 Interventions to Improve the Literacy Skills of Children at Risk of Dyslexia Robert Savage, George Georgiou, Rauno Parrila, Marie-France Côté, Kristina Maiorino, and Kristy Dunn..........................161 --- ## FOR MORE: bit.ly/BrookesDyslexia